Saturday, December 28, 2019
The Invisible Knapsack - 1023 Words
Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack Reaction Paper It is easy for me to walk into a stationery store and find a greeting card appropriate for my family or most of my friends. But recently, my husband and I wanted to send a card to dear friends who just had a baby girl. But we had a challenging experience finding the right card. The problem was not in the lack of congratulatory messages, but in the lack of cards which properly identify with our friends. Our friends are African American. It is also heartbreaking to notice that their birth announcement portrays a sketch of a white baby; they, too, had a hard time finding an appropriate greeting. There were a lot of truths to McIntosh s statements. White privilege seems toâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In order to change these types of conditions, I think it should be put out in the open more. ââ¬Å"White privilegeâ⬠is supposedly this invisible knapsack. If more people knew about it, maybe they would try to be more conscious of how they treated others and how they exercised this w hite privilege without really knowing it. I think a lot of peopleââ¬â¢s reactions to a minority speaking, for example, is done kind of subconsciously and many may not realize that they are doing it because theyââ¬â¢ve done it for so long and theyââ¬â¢ve been trained in a way to think that itââ¬â¢s ok, and itââ¬â¢s not. In regard to this article directly, America, being initially a British colony, will of course have a ââ¬Å"whiteâ⬠history. Barack Obama, Colin Powell, and Condoleeza Rice are African Americanââ¬â¢s that held or currently hold high governmental positions. Living in a predominantly white town, going to a predominantly white school, I had no idea that white privilege even existed. Honestly though, I feel white privilege isnââ¬â¢t about who is a CEO or a multibillionaire. Itââ¬â¢s about taxi cabs picking you up and job interviewers taking you seriously. I had an uneasy feeling after reading this article. It really opened my eyes to what minorities have to deal with on a daily basis. I take for granted the fact that in high school my grades were average and I cannot help but wonder if a student of another race would haveShow MoreRelatedWhite Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack920 Words à |à 4 PagesIn the article, ââ¬Å"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsackâ⬠, Peggy McIntosh talks about the various privileges white people receive. Her basic idea was to inform the readers that whites are taught to ignore the fact that they enjoy social privileges that people of color do not because we live in a society of white dominance. McIntosh lists some daily white privileges; a variety of daily instances where white dominance is clear. Her examples include privileges relating to education, careersRead MoreWhite Privilege : The Invisible Knapsack Essay825 Words à |à 4 Pagesto be a common topic this century, almost letting us know, itââ¬â¢s not going away. Powerful voices have stepped up and spoke out, trying to change something, anything. This includes the writers Peggy McIntosh, who wrote ââ¬Å"White Privilege: The Invisible Knapsackâ⬠and Beverly Daniel Tatum, who wrote ââ¬Å"Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?â⬠These essays had more in common than having authors, who are great influential woman. They both had a point to prove about racial identityRead MoreWhite Privilege : Unpacking The Invisible Knapsack967 Words à |à 4 Pagesover time. It also doesnââ¬â¢t help white people to recognize these discriminatory practices considering they have been unconsciously tailored to be consistent with white perspective and mentality. In her article, White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, Peggy McIntosh examines not only how white folks often consider themselves to be a normative figure within society, but also how they are carefully taught not to recognize the advantages they gain from the disadvantages that impair people ofRead MoreWhite Privilege : Unpacking The Invisible Knapsack1455 Words à |à 6 Pagesand Ethnicity course throughout the spring 2016 semester. White Privilege To begin, the first pivotal revelation is the concept of white privilege. White Privilege, as Peggy McIntosh specifies in her essay, ââ¬Å"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsackâ⬠, is a set of unearned assets which a white person in America can count on cashing in each day yet they remain oblivious to. This theme resonates as prior to this course, though aware of certain advantages as a seemingly ââ¬Å"whiteâ⬠person in societyRead MoreWhite Privilege : The Invisible Knapsack, And Beverly Daniel Tatum Essay908 Words à |à 4 Pages Many powerful voices have spoken out to try to change the impertinent mindset of racists and lessen the racist acts of society. Some of the spokespersons speaking on this topic are writers Peggy McIntosh, author of ââ¬Å"White Privilege: The Invisible Knapsack,â⬠and Beverly Daniel Tatum, author of ââ¬Å"Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?â⬠I found these essays to have more in common than great influential female authors Both women had a point to prove about racial identity asRead MoreThe Readings White Privilege : Unpacking The Invisible Knapsack, By Peggy Mcintosh, White Women, Race Matters1425 Words à |à 6 PagesThe readings White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, by Peggy McIntosh, White Women, Race Matters by Ruth Frankenberg and Representing Whiteness in the Black Imagination, by bell hooks, all cover the issue of whiteness from different perspectives. There are many aspects of whiteness; in this essay, I will argue that the two most important features are the absence of knowledge of the issue on the part of white people and stereotype consequences. A key point in racism is whiteness, andRead MoreAnalysis Of White Privilege : Unpacking The Invisible Backpack949 Words à |à 4 Pageseveryone carried a knapsack. This knapsack carries all of our privileges, whether it is our gender, religion, or even simply our ability to breathe without an oxygen tank. Every knapsack that everyone carries is different; however, the only way we could know whatââ¬â¢s in a knapsack, you have to be willing to ask and look for your answers. Peggy McIntosh exploits this concept of a ââ¬Å"knapsackâ⬠, as she pulls apart whatââ¬â¢s in her own sack in her article, ââ¬Å"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Backpack.â⬠HerRead MoreDoes Affirmative Action Correct Past Injustices?942 Words à |à 4 Pagescorollary aspects, white privilege, which puts me at an advantage.â⬠(McIntosh, White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, p.1). In being in a position of majority and privilege, Caucasians are made to be ââ¬Å"confident, comfortable, and oblivious, [while] other groups [are] likely being made unconfident, uncomfortable, and alienated.â⬠(McIntosh, White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, p.1). Whiteness, allows me to open a magazine, turn on a television, or browse the internet and find myRead MoreGender, Racial, Sexuality, Race, And Class ( 11 )975 Words à |à 4 Pagesbut her ability to view the Other through the dominant eye presents her with a newfound white privilege she critiques. The scholar examines daily cultural practices and norms of whiteness in her essay, White Privilege: Unpacking Invisible Knapsack. The invisible knapsack embodies a series of rights and entitlement that are not earned, but conferred and naturalized (97). Acknowledging white power and publishing it revokes some power McIntosh otherwise had. For instance, schooling taught her to viewRead MoreOrlando Padilla. Mrs. Miller. English 1A . Flawed Economic1562 Words à |à 7 Pagesin the way they are treated. In Peggy Mcintoshââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"White Privilege: The Invisible Knapsackâ⬠, she claims that whites live privileged liveââ¬â¢s because their race is seen as being superior to others. Mcintosh says, ââ¬Å"I have come to see white privilege as an invisible package of unearned assets that i can count on cashing in each day, but about which i ââ¬Ëmeantââ¬â¢ to remain oblivious. White privilege is like an invisible weightless knapsack of special provisions, assurances, tools, maps, guides, codebooks, passports
Friday, December 20, 2019
Disney s Roster Of Heroes - 1013 Words
Luke Skywalker and Han Solo are joining Mickey Mouse, Buzz Lightyear and Iron Man in Disney s roster of heroes (USA Today). Disney Chairman and CEO Robert Iger, along with Star Wars creator George Lucas, set the financial world and nerd-universe on their ear when they announced that Disney was purchasing Lucasfilm for the out-of-this-world sum of $4 billion (the same amount they paid for Marvel) (Screenrant). Disney is buying Lucasfilm for $4 billion, adding the legendary Star Wars franchise to the entertainment giant s stable of characters. Lucasfilm is 100% owned by founder George Lucas. The purchase culminates a one and a half year pursuit of the Lucas empire, Disney s CEO said (USA Today). One weekend last October, Robert Iger, chief executive officer of Walt Disney (DIS), sat through all six Star Wars films. Heââ¬â¢d seen them before, of course. This time, he took notes. Disney was in secret negotiations to acquire Lucasfilm, the company founded by Star Wars creator George Lucas, and Iger needed to do some due diligence (Bloomberg). Negotiation is one of the most important as well as one of the most interesting and challenging aspects of supply management. In industry and at most levels of government, the term ââ¬Å"negotiationâ⬠frequently causes misunderstandings. In industry, negotiation sometimes is confused with ââ¬Å"hagglingâ⬠and ââ¬Å"price chiseling.â⬠Increasingly, negotiations are conducted by cross-functional teams. These teams must be well coordinated to function as anShow MoreRelatedThe Disney Departure : Differences Before And After The Death Of Walt Disney1459 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Disney Departure: Differences Before and Afte r the Death of Walt Disney According to the leadership of the Southern Baptist Convention, the Walt Disney Corporation historically stood for ââ¬Å"basic American virtues and valuesâ⬠but now represents a ââ¬Å"significant departure from Disneyââ¬â¢s family-values image, and a gratuitous insult to Christians and others who have long supported Disney.â⬠Their belief is that Disney entertainment products produced while Walt Disney was alive differ substantially fromRead MoreMarketing and Financial Markets41809 Words à |à 168 Pagesprimarily men and women in their 20s and early 30s. The marketing mix for the rogue includes an economical engine, stylish design, and performance handling; a price around $20,000; as well as product placement and advertising during the hit show ââ¬Å"Heroesâ⬠and a 5-car giveaway.4 Before marketers can develop a marketing mix, they must collect in-depth, up-todate information about customer needs. Such information might include data about the age, income, ethnicity, gender, and educational level ofRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words à |à 658 PagesIvor Tiefenbrun. As a music fan, Tiefenbrun felt that the mindset about good hi-ï ¬ was all wrong. The journey from recorded music to sound in your sitting room can be described as a chain with three main links: the source of the signal, the ampliï ¬ er(s) and the speakers. The vogue in the early 1970s was for better sound systems to mean bigger and better speakers. The Linn Sondek LP12 turntable was a radical departure from that mindset. Using precision-engineered components and a suspended sub-chassisRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words à |à 1186 Pagestheir wives (Kevin and Dawn, Robert and Sally) and their children (Ryan, Carly, Connor and Lauren). C.F.G. ââ¬Å"We must not cease from exploration and the end of all exploring will be to arrive where we begin and to know the place for the first time.â⬠T. S. Eliot To Ann whose love and support has brought out the best in me. And, to our girls Mary, Rachel, and Tor-Tor for the joy and pride they give me. Finally, to my muse, Neil, for the faith and inspiration he instills. E.W.L Preface Since youRead MoreCrossing the Chasm76808 Words à |à 308 Pagestechies. Innovators: The Technology Enthusiasts Classically, the first people to adopt any new technology are those who appreciate the technology for its own sake. For readers old enough to have been raised on Donald Duck comic books from Walt Disney, Gyro Gearloose may well have been your first encounter with a technology enthusiast. Or, if you were more classically educated, perhaps it was Archimedes crying, ââ¬Å"Eureka!â⬠at discovering the concept of measuring specific gravity through the displacement
Thursday, December 12, 2019
Classification of Music free essay sample
Essentially, a comic book Is a graphic, animated, colorful booklet, which could be black and white as well, and It also tells a story. (Types of Comic Books). As crazy as It may seem, music videos also have the same characteristics. If you think about It, music videos can be very graphic, animated, colorful or black and white, and they tell a story also. Music videos can be divided Into three major genres according to the mood, style, and the fanzines, which usually refer to- essentially if you break it down- fans. (Types of Comic Books). The most known type of music videos is hip-hop videos.Hip-hop videos are the most popular simply because they are looked down upon the worst, or the most talked about. The mood of a hip-hop video can either make someone hype or put them on chill mode. For example, when Wiz Kalmia came out with the music video Black and Yellow it made people from down south hype because we knew he was talking about our home football team The Saints. An example of hip-hop music that puts you on chill mode would be something like Drake and Ill Wanes song called Brand New. Its something you can Jam while smoking, riving, or simply thinking.It Just really brings you too new level of thought. The style of hip-hop music videos Is quite different from any other types of music videos. They Involve a lot of big flashy Jewelry, girls with big butts In tight skimpy outfits, a lot of cursing, and also pimped out cars. As for the fans of hip-hop music videos, the ages and races vary but, a vast majority of them are young African American males. Most likely this is because most of the people seen rapping in hip-hop music videos are young African American males. The second type of music videos is rhythm blues videos.These videos are usually about sex, love, or pain. So typically one can feel many different emotions from an r b music video, it just all depends on what its about. For example the music video Love sung by Geisha Cole gives Off feeling of wanting to be loved or the Joy one feels when they are In love. The music video Invented Sex sung by Trey Songs is clearly about sex so however sex makes you feel, thats how you would feel about this video. Then theres the song Please Dont Go by Tank which exerts the pain of losing a loved one. R b music videos, as you can see, can exert many different moods.The style of r b is for the most part very smooth, sensual, and soulful. It gives people a piece of mind. Rhythm and blues styles have changed a lot over the years but it continues to be the most popular songs at weddings. As for r b videos, they usually involve only two people, a man and a woman. Most of the time in r b videos the two people involved are having a wedding, fighting, or making love. Most r b fans are older married couples who know what real love and hurt is all about. The true fans understand what the singer is trying to portray in the video, probably because it looks similar to a situation they eave been In before.The last type of music video is gospel videos. Everyone should agree that there Is something about gospel music videos that Just makes you get up and dance or Just cry out to God. The mood of gospel music videos Is very dynamic. They can be sad, as If you know youve done something wrong and you Just want to cry out to God and apologize for it, or they can make you really happy and excited praise God for all that hes done in your life. Not only can gospel music videos change your mood but they can also change your life if you really pay attention to them.For example, the song Never Would Have Made It by Marvin Sapp brought a lot of unsaved souls in the church to get saved. Seeing that music video Just makes you want to become fully devoted to God. It also exerts a sad feeling to those who know they are doing wrong. As for the music video l Smile by Kirk Franklin, it brings one a feeling of Joy that God has watched over you and kept you in his hands all your life. This song is actually so powerful that it is being played on radio stations that are actually only meant for hip-hop and r b songs.So you know there is something rueful in this music video. The style of gospel music is very real. By that I mean it is not a game. When people sing gospel music, they feel something. Their song comes from the heart, which is why gospel music touches so many souls. The style of gospel music is also very dynamic. The singers range from women to men all the way down to children. They even have gospel rappers nowadays. As for the actual videos, the setting is usually in a church or outside. The upbeat songs include dancing in the videos and the slow songs usually Just follow the story line. Fans of gospel music ideas usually include Christians who are involved in the church. It mostly includes African American Christians, simply because most, not all, gospel music and music videos are made by African Americans. Both comic books and music videos must come to an end at some point, and at this point this paper is coming to an end also. Do remember that music videos can be broken down into three genres according to mood, style, and fanzines. Those three genres are hip-hop, r b, and gospel. They all are alike by them all being music and they all have mostly African American fans.Each genre has its own unique style but the emotional outcomes of these different genres of music videos are quite different. Hip-hop exerts mostly anger, excitement, and pits you on a chill mode. R b exerts a feeling of love, rather you want to be loved or you love someone else. It also exerts pain, like when your loved ones hurt you. Finally, gospel exerts a feeling of Joy and sorrow also. You feel Joy that God is in your life and sorrow when you know you have disappointed him. Either way, all three of these different types of genres have similarities and differences, but they are all still a part of the music video industry.
Wednesday, December 4, 2019
Orphanage Adapt Hollywood Horror Genre Conventions â⬠Free Samples
Question: How does The Orphanage adapt Hollywood horror genre conventions to suit the fairy tale quality of the Spanish ghost story and to engage with Spains traumatic cultural history? Answer: With the time of introduction in the cinema, in 20th century, the horror genre has been mainly to evoke the anxiety and the visceral responses which comes from the audience. The prominent genre is about the filmmakers like Alfred, George etc., who are famous at the crafting of different plotlines and the disturbing concepts. Considering about the narrative approach, the essay will focus on the demonstration through the applications with the socio-cultural approach where The Orphanage adapts the traditional Hollywood horror genre conventions to bring the light to the traumatic events of Spanish people (Stadler McWilliam, 235). This is mainly in the lives of both adult and children who are endured under the regime of Francisco Franco. The Orphanage has been considered internationally as one of the Spains most popular horror film of 21st century. It can resonate culturally with the nation with proper throughput in the world. There is a need to identify about the film as horror under th e influence of the Spanish where there is a link to the Hollywood genre conventions to suit the fairy tale quality of Spanish ghost story with properly engaging in the cultural theory as well. With this, the essay will focus on the conventions and the aesthetic approach to note about the strength and the weakness. This will investigate about adapting and retaining the sense of elements of Spanish ghost stories that represent the cultural history (Buxton, 325). The consideration is about the parameters and to work over the examination from the film, with using children for the moral ambiguity, abandoning the isolation of the house settings and conversion of the disbelieving father. The childlike symbols and references are to the fairy tales in the film. The categorisation of The Orphanage in the supernatural horror genre has bene mainly for the focus on films and the television programs. They are set to classify the groups and sub-groups by the different similarities to work on the films and the television programs (Kroenert, 28). The genre is about leading the contention, which according to Sarah Berry Flint, has the debate about the different reasoning for invoking the film scholars for proper implementation process and the critical evaluation. There have been different description tools where genre is able to serve the different levels based on the cultural patterns. The audiences, where genre provides a proper and clear description about the socio-discursive frameworks and the expectation horizon is for the viewers to bring the film that they see. The postulates are set in the sense where the genres are not textual but have certain constraints related to the social forms and standards. The genre claims about the extension to the cultural category with the operations based on the industry, audience and the cultural practices. This implies a proper film must be defined for the audience explicit interpretation which is considered important for the interpretation where there are different personalised viewing practices (Buxton, 324). The resonating social and the cultural people in the movie is to analyse about the applications with the key approaches to work on the strengthen and the weakness which could be inherent in the films. The viewers also work on modifying the generic frameworks and participating in the constructive approach where there is a proper categorisation of the films and definitive influence on advertising, merchandising and the like. The academics and the scholars hold the study of the textual and the formalised analysis to make use of the genre in the different ways where there is a need to analyse the approaches like the aesthetic standards. They tend to bear the strength and the limitatio ns as well. The approach is based on the focus of the textual elements where the conventions are for the characters, setting, plotting and working over the different factors which include the mise-en-scene, performance and the proper standards of the film. The strength of the aesthetic approach focuses on the variations with the differences which are set in the film. The major strength is about the variations and the differences that are to exist in the genre which also allow the processing of the genre texts, and conforming to the establishing of codes and conventions. They are the merits to work over the formula, cliched forms and the stereotypical formats. With this, there is a need to focus on the approach which provides a proper standard and the principles to handle the criteria relating to the film categorisation (Lzaro-Reboll, 4). The horror films are having different characteristics which are for the identification of the culture escaping mode. They are, according to Professor Jane Stadl er, the horror which tends to transform and then displaces the fear as well. The audience do not have to face any fear. The horror is considered to be the major cultural phobia with the taboos and the trauma which is set through properly exploring about the different states of the boundary between the life and the death. For this, sanity and madness with the consciousness and unconsciousness, holds the body. The focus of the work is also on the analysis of the films where there is genre that rest upon the ability to frighten the audiences with analysis of the texts and determining the conventions that are effective as well. The horror films tend to take hold of hyperbolized aesthetic tropes where the indication is about producing a comedic and terrifying story with better experience for the viewers. This will help in reaching towards the hybridity and considering about the rigidity to be applied to fluid and the abstract (Balanzategui, 1) . The purpose is about identifying the Holly wood horror conventions which adapts to the Spanish ghost story and the cultural history forms where there are results of analysis that are definite enough as well. The Orphanage works over aesthetics that have conventions to identify the horror game. With this, Spain cultural history is to define Francisco Franco and Spain struggle for democracy. Here, the iconography of the haunted house or the other forbidden place depicts the isolation which has contributed to fear of the unknown in the audience. The concept is related to the haunted with the ghosts who are common motif linked to the pasts. With the resonating with the history of Spain, it is under the dictatorship of Franco and the returns to democracy. According to historian James Ameland, the dictatorship is from the 1930s to 1960s. Here, the people also were seen to be missing in the house (166). The conversion of the husband of Laura, Carlos, has been found to be believing and completely rationalised thinking to believe in the movie as for the Horror films. There are different links to Freudian concepts with the return of the repressed characters with the horror films that tend to deny over the existence of the spiritual forms. Spain, after death of Franco in 1975, has been working over: The politicians The remnant of those who have been working on supporting the people who follow dictatorship. The appointed successor, Prince Juan Carlos, who wanted to bring the democracy to Spain. There have been disagreements which focus over the demands and the removal of the monarchy. This has been set with the concept of Francoist politicians and the military in Spain. Here, the concept is to make an attempt to the Spanish Civil War where Carlos is also convinced of the supernatural costs of son and wife (Jancovich, 6). The Hollywood horror convention tends to become suggestive with democracy which is about suffering in the dictatorship. The representation is about the fear of characterisation with Tomas face and identity that could easily be obscured by the mask with forcing oneself to reveal about the deformation and the unnatural identity (Lzaro-Reboll, 4). This also combines with the forced separation from the peers with accidental murder through the process of bullying, positioning the audiences to the fear with sympathising with him. Buxton also argue about the horror genre where there is a confusion for the audience about the repulsion and sympathy. Hence, for this, the monster, Tomas, need to focus on the psychological conflicts with the experience of the monster. This will help in sympathising and working over the motif in the different films mainly through the characters of villains or monsters (Dawson, 10). The use of children in The Orphanage is about taking complete adaptation to the Spanish culture with the traditional fairy tale ghost story. The children have a proper susceptibility to the supernatural phenomenon with believing about the Hollywood film The Others. The use of children has been also including about the horror conventions with hark back to the fairy tale quality Spanish ghost story (Beal 9). The symbols are about the dolls, and the childhood games, with nursery rhymes to create a proper disturbance in the atmosphere which tends to permeate with entire film. For Peter Pan, Simon also asks Laura about reading and working over the films. Here, the disguise is about the child death with the exploration is about the Hollywood horror films like Joel Anderson Lake Mungo (2008). The Orphanage adapts to the conventions for suiting the fairy tale quality of the ghost story which is in Spanish and then engaging with the cultural history as well. The evidence is about the different conventions and the horror of Hollywood like the characterisation of the children who are ambiguous as well (Dawson, 10). The conversion of the disbelieving father, Carlos, has been manipulated mainly for exploring the trauma, politics and the other unknowns in Spain. The other representation is about the characterisation of the antagonist as well as the film monster. Tomas face and identity are mainly obscured by the mask with distinguishing him as different and forcing to be unknown. The deformity is then combined with the other forced separation from the peers mainly because of the masks and accidental errors. This includes the children with the different child-like symbols and the fairy tales like Peter Pan to provide with a better quality to the horror film. This also confines to the horror genre with the unique standards set for the mixture of Spanish cultural history and overlaying the fairy tale. The film then presents a proper and a unique take for the traditional Spanish ghost story that leads to the development beyond any kind of the constraints of genre. References Amelang, James S. "Early Modern Spanish Cultural History: One Opinion."History Compass4.1 (2006): 165-171. Balanzategui, Jessica. "You have a secret that you don't want to tell me: The Child as Trauma in Spanish and American Horror Film."M/C Journal17.4 (2014). Beal, Timothy. "Our Monsters, Ourselves."The Chronicle Review9.11 (2001): B18. Buxton, Rodney A. "The Horror Film: An Introduction."Journal of Film and Video61.2 (2009): 70-71. Dawson, M. Analyse: Horror Movies as Modern Day Morality Tales Conclusionss.Left Field Cinema. 2008. Web. Jancovich, Mark. "'A Real Shocker': Authenticity, genre and the struggle for distinction."Continuum: Journal of Media Cultural Studies14.1 (2000): 23-35. Kroenert, Tim. "Reign of terror:[The rise and rise of the Australian horror genre.]."Inside Film: If101 (2007): 28. Lzaro-Reboll, Antonio.Spanish Horror Film. Edinburgh University Press, 2012. Stadler, Jane, and Kelly McWilliam.Screen media: analysing film and television. Allen and Unwin, 2008. Tudor, Andrew. "Why horror? The peculiar pleasures of a popular genre."Cultural studies11.3 (1997): 443-463.
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